Hvac Repair: Discover Reliable Heating & Cooling System Repair Work Near To Your Area

Kinds Of Heating And Cooling Repair Providers You Can Rely On

Ever questioned why your air conditioner all of a sudden stops blowing cold air on the most popular day of the year? Or why the heating system seems to sputter more than warm your home when winter season bites? These are familiar headaches for anyone looking for A/c Repair Near Me. The challenges don't stop there: strange sounds, varying temperature levels, or ineffective air flow can turn comfort into mayhem.

Fortunately, Bold City Heating and Air tackles these concerns head-on, using a spectrum of specialized repair work services that transform discomfort into cozy relief. Bold City Heating and Air. Here's a look at the core services they master:

1. Cooling Repair Work: From refrigerant leaks to compressor failures, every part is inspected and repaired to restore cool air circulation.
2. Heater Repair: Whether it's a malfunctioning thermostat or a broken heating system igniter, no cold night goes unaddressed.
3. Ductwork Repair: Leaky ducts can squander energy and decrease indoor air quality. Fixing these hidden culprits is a video game changer.
4. Thermostat Calibration: Accuracy in temperature control guarantees your system runs effectively, saving energy and money.
5. Emergency Situation Heating And Cooling Solutions: When your system stops working all of a sudden, prompt repair work lessen downtime and discomfort.

Imagine walking into your home after a sweltering day, greeted by a fresh, perfectly conditioned breeze. Or curling up on a frosty night, positive your heating won't betray you. These aren't simply dreams-- Bold City Heating and Air makes them reality with every repair.

Why go for less when the very best a/c repair near me can handle everything from small problems to significant malfunctions? Bold City Heating and Air doesn't just repair systems-- they restore peace of mind and convenience to your home.

Common Heating And Cooling Issues and Solutions

When your air conditioning unit sputters and stalls on the hottest day, it feels like the universe is playing a cruel joke. One of the most frequent culprits? A stopped up air filter. Dust, pet hair, and particles choke the airflow, requiring your system to work overtime and eventually fail. Ever wonder why your energy bills suddenly spike? That's your heating and cooling system gasping under pressure.

Bold City Heating and Air understands the subtle indications that typically go undetected till it's nearly too late. A whisper of strange noises or a faint burning odor can indicate internal concerns that, if attended to quickly, avoid expensive replacements.

Leading A/c Problems Translated

• Refrigerant leaks-- Invisible yet impactful, these leaks weaken cooling effectiveness and can damage the environment.
• Thermostat malfunctions-- In some cases the perpetrator isn't the system however the brain behind it, misreading temperatures and sending blended signals.
• Frozen coils-- Often a result of poor air flow or low refrigerant, these icy transgressors stop cooling entirely.

Expert Tips to Keep Your System in Peak Forming

1. Modification filters every 1-3 months; it's the simplest show the most significant reward.
2. Check condensate drains pipes for obstructions to avoid water damage and mold accumulation.
3. Seal duct leakages to enhance performance-- in some cases a few inches of tape conserve you hundreds.

Have you ever discovered your system biking on and off like a worried heart beat? That short cycling is a red flag that Bold City Heating and Air immediately acknowledges. Bold City Heating and Air. They dive deep, identifying with precision, ensuring your HVAC doesn't simply limp along but flourishes. Their method changes anxiety into relief, turning technical headaches into cool convenience

Selecting a Dependable HVAC Repair Work Service Technician

When your air conditioning unit sputters out in the peak of summer season, or your heating unit refuses to warm a cold night, you don't simply desire any professional-- you desire somebody who comprehends the heartbeat of your home's heating and cooling system. Not every technician has the knack for detecting the tricky offenders behind inefficient cooling or heating. Envision calling someone who patches the issue momentarily, only to have the system fail again days later on. Aggravating, ideal?

Bold City Heating and Air understands that dependability isn't practically revealing up; it has to do with appearing prepared. Their professionals arrive geared up with diagnostic tools that dive deeper than surface symptoms, capturing the true essence of the breakdown. They do not simply change parts; they unwind the story your system is telling. Have you ever wondered why your energy bills surge mysteriously? Often, it's a subtle refrigerant leak or a blocked filter that's simple to ignore however pricey if disregarded.

Expert Tips for Identifying a Skilled Heating And Cooling Specialist

• Accreditation and Licensing: Confirm qualifications-- skilled pros back their work with acknowledged qualifications.
• Transparent Price Quotes: Try to find clear explanations, not vague quotes that dodge the information.
• Diagnostic Approach: Experts utilize organized checks-- no guesswork, simply precise analytical.
• Interaction Skills: Can they explain repair work without jargon? That's an indication they respect your understanding.
• Components Quality Awareness: They should prioritize long lasting elements, not quick fixes that fade fast.

Bold City Heating and Air grows on an approach that a/c repair is less about fast fixes and more about long-lived services crafted with care. They embrace the complexity of each system, turning what might look like an overwhelming repair into a smooth, transparent procedure. Like a skilled detective, they unwind the quirks of your unit, guaranteeing that your convenience isn't simply restored, however optimized.

Decoding the Expenses Behind HVAC Repair Work Solutions

Ever noticed how an easy a/c repair work can in some cases spiral into a wallet-busting experience? The fact depends on the labyrinth of concealed elements that influence repair expenses. From the level of the damage to the age of your system, these elements weave a complicated story.

Think of a cold evening where your air conditioning system sputters and stops working. You require HVAC repair near me, and unexpectedly, you're faced with a quote that seems like a cryptic puzzle (Bold City Heating and Air). What exactly drives these numbers?

Crucial Element Affecting Repair Costs

• Intensity of the Problem: Minor glitches like thermostat breakdowns cost less compared to compressor or coil replacements.
• Devices Age: Older systems often require more comprehensive repairs or part replacements, which treks the rate.
• Labor Complexity: Difficult-to-access systems demand more time and competence, naturally increasing labor expenses.
• Replacement Parts: Genuine parts versus generic ones, accessibility, and shipping can swing expenses commonly.
• Emergency situation Service: Repairs done outside routine hours generally include premium charges.

Bold City Heating and Air understands these intricacies like the back of their hand. They've seen direct how a broken blower wheel or a clogged up condensate drain can become a costly ordeal if disregarded. Their service technicians don't just repair-- they identify with precision, ensuring you pay for what's necessary, not a penny more.

Here's a professional idea: routine assessment of your a/c system's filters and condensate lines can avoid little concerns from snowballing. Did you understand a stopped up filter can require your system to work overtime, triggering wear that demands expensive repair work?

Does your heating and cooling repair work price quote seem like a shot in the dark? Bold City Heating and Air's openness and competence illuminate the procedure, guiding you through what each expense implies. After all, understanding these aspects can turn a demanding repair work into a workable investment in your house's comfort.

Trusted Cooling Service in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a dynamic city understood for its comprehensive park system, gorgeous beaches, and bustling riverfront. As the most populated city in Florida, it offers a varied economy with strong sectors in financing, logistics, and health care. The city's warm climate makes effective and reputable HVAC systems vital for locals and organizations alike to remain comfy year-round.

For those seeking professional recommendations and professional HVAC repair near me, Bold City Heating and Air can offer a totally free consultation to help deal with any cooling or heating concerns effectively. They are prepared to assist with all your heating and cooling needs.

1. Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens displays a broad collection of art covering various times and cultures. Guests can also wander stunning formal gardens overlooking the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
2. Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens displays a varied range of creatures and flora from across the world. It provides interesting exhibits, educational activities, and preservation efforts for guests of all ages. Jacksonville FL
3. Museum of Science and History: This Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL features hands-on exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Visitors can discover science, history, and culture through interesting displays and informative programs.
4. Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that offers a glimpse into Florida's plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
5. Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French try to found a colony in Florida. It offers displays and trails examining the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
6. Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve protects one of the remaining unspoiled coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
7. Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a big, well-known water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features impressive water features and lights, which makes it a popular site and meeting spot.
8. Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant weekly arts and crafts market beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases local artisans, on-stage music, food vendors, and a beautiful scene of the St. Johns River.
9. San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a lovely retail and eating district with a European-style ambiance. It is known for its upscale shops, restaurants, and the well-known fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
10. St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an exclusive open-air retail center in Jacksonville FL, offering a selection of luxury retailers, well-known labels, and eateries. It's a top spot for purchasing, dining, and entertainment in North East Florida.
11. Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases delightful early 20th-century architecture and specialty shops. It's a vibrant neighborhood known for its nearby restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
12. Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a beautiful park in Jacksonville FL, home to a massive, centuries-old oak tree. The park provides a tranquil retreat with trails and breathtaking views of the St. Johns River.
13. Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides pristine beaches and diverse habitats. Guests can enjoy things to do like hiking, camping, and observing wildlife in this unspoiled shoreline environment.
14. Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, offers amazing shoreline views and diverse habitats for outdoor lovers. Discover the one-of-a-kind boneyard beach, hike scenic trails, and watch plentiful wildlife in this gorgeous natural sanctuary.
15. Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, provides a gorgeous beach, wooded trails, and a 60-acre fresh water lake for recreation. It is a well-known place for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
16. Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens provides a lovely natural escape with multiple trails and themed gardens. Visitors can explore a variety of plant species and savor serene outdoor recreation.
17. Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that acts as a homage to the more than 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The area features a statue, reflecting pool, and gardens, offering a space for remembrance and reflection. Jacksonville FL
18. Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's most ancient park, a historic open square holding events, bazaars, and social gatherings. It provides a lush space in the heart of downtown with art exhibits and a vibrant atmosphere.
19. Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL offers a lovely waterfront location for events and leisure. With playgrounds, a concert venue, and picturesque vistas, it's a well-known destination for residents and visitors alike.
20. Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was originally named to pay tribute to Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and transformed as a place for community events and recreation.
21. Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park preserves and relays the one-of-a-kind history of Jacksonville's beaches. Investigate exhibits on community life-saving, surfing, and initial beach communities.
22. Atlantic Beach: The city of Atlantic Beach features a delightful seaside town with stunning beaches and a relaxed atmosphere. Visitors can relish surfing, swimming, and investigating local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
23. Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach provides a classic Florida beach town experience with its sandy shores and laid-back atmosphere. Visitors can experience surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
24. Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively shoreline city famous because of its grainy shores and surf scene. It provides a blend of leisure activities, dining, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
25. Huguenot Memorial Park: This park offers a stunning beachfront spot with chances for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can enjoy the natural charm of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
26. Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, offers picturesque paths and walkways through diverse habitats. Guests can enjoy nature walks, birdwatching, and discovering the beauty of the shoreline area.
27. Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL protects the dirt remains of a Civil War-era Southern fort. Visitors can discover the historical site and learn about its meaning through interpretive displays.
28. Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society safeguards the history of the Mandarin neighborhood within Jacksonville FL. Visitors are able to discover displays and relics that highlight the region's special history.
29. Museum of Southern History: The Museum of Southern History displays artifacts and displays related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Visitors are able to investigate a variety of topics, such as the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
30. The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, offers escorted foot tours to see rescued big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a not-for-profit organization dedicated to offering a secure, loving, forever home for these animals.

• Air Conditioning Installation: Right setup of cooling systems assures effective and pleasant indoor climates. This critical process assures optimal performance and lifespan of climate control units.
• Air Conditioner: ACs cool indoor spaces by extracting heat and moisture. Proper installation by qualified technicians ensures efficient performance and optimal climate control.
• Hvac: Hvac systems control heat and air quality. They are essential for establishing climate control solutions in buildings.
• Thermostat: The Thermostat is the control center for regulating temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, keeping the desired indoor environment.
• Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for temperature control systems, extracting heat to generate cool air. Correct handling of refrigerants is vital during HVAC installation for effective and safe operation.
• Compressor: This Compressor is the heart of your cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is essential for effective temperature control in climate control systems.
• Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil takes in heat from inside air, bringing it down. This part is critical for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
• Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil serves as an integral component in cooling systems, releasing heat outside. It aids the heat transfer needed for efficient indoor climate management.
• Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for dispersing conditioned air around a building. Suitable duct layout and setup are critical for efficient climate regulation system positioning.
• Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is crucial for suitable airflow and indoor air standard. It has a critical role in guaranteeing maximum operation and effectiveness of climate control systems.
• Heat Pump: Heat pumps transfer heat, offering both heating and cooling. They're key parts in modern climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
• Split System: Split System offer both cooling and heating through an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They provide a ductless answer for temperature regulation in certain rooms or areas.
• Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool whole homes from a single, powerful unit. Correct installation of these systems is vital for efficient and effective home chilling.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio shows improved operation and lower energy use for climate control systems. Choosing a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly lower long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
• Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressors adjust refrigeration output to meet demand, enhancing efficiency and comfort in climate control systems. This accurate adjustment lowers power loss and maintains consistent thermals in indoor environments.
• Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures efficient performance and longevity in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to expensive repairs or system failures when establishing climate control.
• Air Filter: Air Filter capture dirt and debris, making sure of clean airflow inside HVAC systems. This improves system efficiency and indoor air quality throughout climate control setup.
• Installation Manual: An Installation Manual gives key direction for properly setting up a cooling system. It ensures proper steps are followed for optimal performance and safety during the unit's setup.
• Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is essential for supplying power to and controlling the parts of climate control systems. Correct wiring guarantees safe and efficient operation of the cooling and heating units.
• Indoor Unit: Indoor Unit moves conditioned air within a space. This is a critical component for climate control systems, guaranteeing suitable temperature regulation in structures.
• Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, releasing heat outside. It's essential for a complete climate control system installation, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
• Maintenance: Regular upkeep ensures efficient performance and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and improves the efficiency of installed cooling systems.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is vital for lowering energy use and expenses when setting up new climate control systems. Prioritizing efficient equipment and correct installation minimizes environmental effect and maximizes long-term savings.
• Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and transforms energy, vital for cooling system setup. Effective climate control design relies on thermodynamic principles to maximize energy use during setup placement.
• Building Codes: Construction regulations guarantee proper and secure HVAC system installation in structures. They regulate aspects such as energy efficiency and ventilation for climate control systems.
• Load Calculation: Load calculations determines the warming and chilling requirements of a space. This is crucial for choosing suitably sized HVAC units for effective environmental control.
• Mini Split: Mini Split offer a no-duct approach to climate control, offering focused heating and cooling. The simple installation makes them appropriate for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is impractical.
• Air Handler: The Air Handler moves treated air around a building. It's a crucial component for correct climate control system setup.
• Insulation: Insulation is vital for preserving effective temperature control within a structure. It minimizes heat transfer, reducing the workload on cooling systems and improving climate control setups.
• Drainage System: Drainage Systems eliminate moisture produced by cooling equipment. Proper drainage avoids water damage and guarantees effective operation of climate control setups.
• Filter: Strainers are crucial components that eliminate pollutants from the air throughout the installation of climate control systems. This ensures cleaner air flow and safeguards the system's inner parts.
• Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate inside climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper setup of these systems ensures efficient and effective cooling and climate control inside buildings.
• Split System Air Conditioner: Split System Air Conditioner provide efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their structure simplifies the procedure of setting up climate control in homes and businesses.
• Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are trained professionals who focus in the setup of temperature regulation systems. They make certain of proper operation and effectiveness of these systems for optimal indoor comfort.
• Indoor Air Quality: Indoor Air Quality substantially affects comfort and health, so HVAC system setup should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Proper system design and installation is vital for optimizing air quality.
• Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain eliminates water created throughout the cooling process, stopping harm and keeping system effectiveness. Proper drain assembly is crucial for effective climate control device and extended performance.
• Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems precisely regulate refrigerant volume to various zones, providing customized cooling and heating. The technology is vital for establishing effective and flexible climate control in building setups.
• Building Automation System: Building Automation System coordinate and optimize the functioning of HVAC equipment. This leads to improved climate control and power savings in buildings.
• Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems adjust indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper setup of these systems is vital for optimized and effective climate control.
• Temperature Control: Precise temperature control is essential for effective climate control system installation. It ensures peak performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
• Thermistor: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to regulate system performance, guaranteeing peak performance and energy efficiency in environmental control arrangements.
• Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are devices crucial for assuring proper HVAC system installation. They correctly assess temperature, allowing precise adjustments and optimal climate control function.
• Digital Thermostat: Digital Thermostats precisely regulate temperature, optimizing HVAC system operation. They are essential for establishing home climate regulation systems, guaranteeing efficient and comfortable environments.
• Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve HVAC systems by allowing customized temperature routines. This results in enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in home cooling setups.
• Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostat optimize house climate control by learning user preferences and changing temperatures on their own. They play a key role in modern HVAC system setups, enhancing energy savings and convenience.
• Bimetallic Strip: A Bimetallic Strip, composed of two metals that have different expansion rates, curves in response to temperature variations. This property is used in HVAC systems to control thermostats and regulate heating or cooling processes.
• Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely controls temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. This component is vital for maintaining desired climate control within buildings.
• Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, keeping ideal cooling. This part is essential for effective operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
• Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate management system intends to achieve. It directs the system's performance during climate management configurations to maintain desired comfort levels.
• Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are essential for controlling heating, air flow, and cooling systems by observing air temperature and assuring efficient climate control. Their data aids improve system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
• Feedback Loop: A Feedback Loop aids with regulating temperature during climate control system installation by constantly monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
• Control System: Control Systems govern heat, humidity, and air circulation in environmental control setups. They ensure optimal well-being and energy efficiency in temperature-controlled environments.
• Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is achieved when components reach the same temperature, vital for efficient climate control system setup. Proper equilibrium assures maximum performance and energy conservation in placed cooling systems.
• Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how effectively materials move heat, impacting the cooling system setup. Selecting materials with fitting thermal properties assures optimal performance of installed climate control systems.
• Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat flow, making sure of efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This enhances energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
• On Off Control: On-Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by completely activating or deactivating cooling systems. This easy way is vital for controlling temperature within buildings during environmental control system installation.
• Pid Controller: PID Controllers precisely control temperature in HVAC systems. This ensures effective climate control during facility climate configuration and functioning.
• Evaporator: This Evaporator takes in heat from within a location, chilling the air. This is a key component in climate control systems created for indoor comfort.
• Condenser: The Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, rejecting heat extracted from the indoor space to the outside environment. Its correct installation is crucial for effective climate control system placement and performance.
• Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons were previously common refrigerants which helped with cooling in many building systems. Their role has diminished due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants frequently used in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their proper management is vital during the setup of air conditioning systems to avoid environmental damage and assure efficient operation.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were previously commonly used coolants in climate control systems for structures. Their phase-out has caused the use of more eco-friendly alternatives for new HVAC systems.
• Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) shows how much a given mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a specified period relative to carbon dioxide. Choosing refrigerants with less GWP is key when setting up climate control systems to minimize environmental effects.
• Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling units must follow regulations to prevent further damage.
• Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are vital for efficiently moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation processes enable cooling by taking in heat indoors and releasing it outdoors.
• Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are crucial for successful climate control system installation. Grasping conduction, convection, and radiation ensures optimal system functioning and energy efficiency during the course of installing home cooling.
• Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process transfers heat, enabling refrigeration in climate-control systems. Correct setup and upkeep make sure of effective performance and longevity of these refrigeration solutions.
• Environmental Protection Agency: The Environmental Protection Agency controls refrigerants and establishes standards for HVAC system servicing to protect the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to ensure proper refrigerant management and stop environmental damage.
• Leak Detection: Leak Detection assures the soundness of refrigerant pipes after climate control system installation. Spotting and addressing leaks is essential for peak performance and ecological safety of newly installed climate control systems.
• Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are vital tools for monitoring refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They ensure peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
• Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve controls refrigerant flow in refrigeration systems, enabling efficient heat absorption. It's a critical component for optimal performance in environmental control setups.
• Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity decides how well a system can lower the temperature of a space. Choosing the correct level is essential for optimal performance in placement of environmental control systems.
• Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the procedure of taking out and storing refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Correctly recovering refrigerants prevents environmental harm and guarantees effective new cooling equipment installations.
• Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and reuses refrigerants, lessening environmental impact. This process is essential when setting up climate control systems, guaranteeing responsible handling and avoiding ozone depletion.
• Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) give crucial information on the secure handling and potential hazards of chemicals used in cooling system installation. Technicians use SDS data to protect themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment placement and connection.
• Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are essential fluids utilized in cooling systems to move heat. Their proper management is crucial for efficient climate control setup and maintenance.
• Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is crucial for cooling buildings, permitting effective temperature regulation. It's a critical process in climate control system setup, facilitating the movement of heat to offer comfortable indoor environments.
• Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the fundamental procedure of heat removal, utilizing refrigerant to take in and give off heat. This process is essential for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
• Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively pressurize refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a critical component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
• Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are vital components that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They facilitate heat exchange, allowing effective climate regulation within structures.
• Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are vital components that increase refrigerant stress in large-scale climate management systems. They effectively circulate refrigerant, enabling efficient refrigeration and heating across wide areas.
• Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors are a critical component in cooling systems, using a spinning device to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and reduced size make them ideal for climate control setups in various applications.
• Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor serves as the main force behind the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is essential for proper climate control system setup and function in buildings.
• Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant lubricates and seals mechanical parts within a system's compressor, guaranteeing effective refrigerant compression for suitable climate control. It is important to select the right type of oil during system setup to guarantee durability and optimal function of the cooling appliance.
• Pressure Switch: The Pressure Switch observes refrigerant stages, ensuring the system works safely. It stops harm by turning off the cooling device if pressure drops beyond the acceptable range.
• Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical switch that controls the compressor motor in cooling setups. It ensures the compressor starts and stops properly, enabling effective temperature regulation within climate control systems.
• Suction Line: The Suction Line, a essential part in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of this line is vital for efficient system operation during climate control setup.
• Discharge Line: This discharge line moves hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and installation of the Discharge Line are critical for optimal cooling system configuration.
• Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor climate control. Selecting the right capacity ensures efficient temperature control during climate control setup.
• Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the volume of heat that must to be removed from a area to keep a preferred temperature. Accurate cooling load calculation is important for appropriate HVAC system installation and sizing.
• Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate optimally after they are setup. It's crucial for maintaining effective climate control systems put in place.
• Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks reduce cooling efficiency and can lead to equipment failure. Fixing these leaks is critical for correct climate control system configuration, guaranteeing optimal performance and lifespan.
• Seer Rating: SEER score indicates an HVAC system's cooling efficiency, impacting long-term energy costs. Higher SEER numbers mean increased energy conservation when setting up climate control.
• Hspf Rating: HSPF rating demonstrates the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Increased ratings indicate better energy effectiveness during climate control installation.
• Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance ensures HVAC systems work effectively and dependably after setup. Consistent servicing lessens failures and extends the lifespan of HVAC systems.
• Airflow: Airflow guarantees effective cooling and heating spread throughout a building. Suitable Airflow is vital for prime performance and comfort in climate control systems.
• Electrical Components: Electrical Components are essential for powering and managing systems that govern indoor climate. They assure proper functioning, safety, and efficiency in temperature regulation arrangements.
• Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of adding the right amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This assures peak operation and effectiveness when setting up climate control units.
• System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process identifies possible issues prior to, during, and after HVAC system setup. It ensures optimal performance and prevents future troubles in HVAC systems.
• Hvac System: Hvac System control heat, humidity, and atmosphere quality in buildings. They are critical for creating climate-control solutions in domestic and business areas.
• Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning offer targeted cooling and heating without extensive ductwork. They simplify temperature control installation in spaces lacking pre-existing duct systems.
• Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone units installed in panes to chill single spaces. They offer a straightforward way for specific climate control within a structure.
• Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units provide a flexible temperature-control option for spaces lacking central systems. They can also provide short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system setups.
• System Inspection: System check ensures correct setup of cooling systems by checking part integrity and adherence to installation standards. This process guarantees efficient operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control systems.
• Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures efficient heat transfer, crucial for optimal system performance. This maintenance procedure is essential for correct installation of climate control systems.
• Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is vital for reinstating chilling ability in climate control systems. It assures peak performance and lifespan of brand new climate control equipment.
• Capacitor: These devices provide the needed energy boost to begin and run motors within climate control systems. Their correct function ensures effective and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
• Contactor: The Contactor is an electrical switch which controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to turn on when necessary.
• Blower Motor: This Blower Motor circulates air via the ductwork, enabling efficient heating and cooling distribution within a building. It's a key component for indoor climate control systems, guaranteeing consistent temperature and airflow.
• Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to ensure effective and dependable cooling operation.
• Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes problems that arise during climate control system setup. Effective troubleshooting ensures optimal system performance and prevents future issues during building cooling appliance fitting.
• Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses spent refrigerants. This process is crucial for environmentally responsible climate control system establishment.
• Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
• Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This change necessitates utilizing alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
• Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse Gas trap heat, impacting the power efficiency and environmental footprint of climate control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with lower global warming potential is crucial for eco-friendly climate control execution.
• Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were formerly vital refrigerants in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their harmful impact on the ozone layer.
• Hcfc: Hcfc were previously typical refrigerants used in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
• Hfc: HFCs are generally used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their proper handling is essential during the setup of these systems to lessen environmental impact.
• Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant lubricates the pump in refrigeration units, assuring seamless performance and a long lifespan. It's crucial for the correct function of cooling setups.
• Phase-Out: Phase-Out is about the gradual elimination of specific refrigerants with elevated global warming potential. This affects the selection and servicing of climate control systems in buildings.
• Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to heat the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly favored in climate-friendly HVAC system setups.
• Odp: Odp refrigerants harm the ozone layer, influencing regulations for refrigeration system setup. Installers must utilize environmentally friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment installation.
• Ashrae: Ashrae establishes standards and recommendations for HVAC systems setup. The criteria guarantee effective and safe climate control system deployment in structures.
• Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems offer temperature and air condition regulation for indoor settings. They are critical for establishing cooling setups in buildings.
• Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system effectiveness and may harm the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit installation are essential to prevent these leaks and guarantee optimal performance.
• Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can significantly affect decisions about upgrading to a new temperature system. Unforeseen repair bills may prompt homeowners to put money in a complete home comfort system for future savings.
• Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes setting up heating, air flow, and cooling systems. It's essential for allowing effective temperature regulation inside buildings.
• Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures efficient operation and prolongs system life. Proper maintenance is essential for seamless climate control system installations.
• Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting identifies and fixes problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees optimal performance during climate control unit installation and operation.
• Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems separate a building into individual areas for customized temperature control. This approach enhances well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC installation.
• Compressor Types: Various Compressor Types are critical parts for effective climate control systems. Their selection greatly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
• Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how efficiently the system cools a space for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system installation costs and long-term operational expenses.
• Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can seriously harm the device's core, leading to system failure. Proper installation guarantees adequate air flow and refrigerant levels, preventing this problem in climate control system installations.
• Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction stops the refrigeration process, needing expert service during climate control system setups. A defective compressor compromises the entire system's efficiency and longevity when incorporating it into a building.
• Overload Protector: An safeguards the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system setup. It stops harm by automatically shutting off power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
• Fan Motor: Fan motors circulate air across evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for efficient climate control system setup. They facilitate heat transfer, ensuring optimal cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
• Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that join the indoor and outdoor units, moving refrigerant to help cooling. Their proper correct installation is essential for efficient and productive climate control system setup.
• Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outdoor part in a cooling system. The unit removes heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature regulation.
• Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is vital for refrigeration systems to efficiently eliminate excess heat from a conditioned space. Correct Heat Rejection ensures optimal performance and longevity of climate control systems.
• System Efficiency: System Efficiency is vital for minimizing energy consumption and operational expenses. Optimizing performance during climate control configuration guarantees long-term savings and environmental advantages.
• Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the decrease in fluid pressure as it flows through a setup, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing Pressure Drop is vital for peak performance and efficiency in environmental comfort systems.
• Subcooling: Subcooling process guarantees peak system operation by chilling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process avoids flash gas, boosting refrigeration power and efficiency during HVAC equipment setup.
• Superheat: Superheat makes sure that only vapor refrigerant goes into the compressor, which prevents damage. It's important to determine superheat during HVAC system installation to maximize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
• Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a system, vital for peak cooling performance. Proper charging ensures effective heat transfer and prevents damage during climate control installation.
• Corrosion: Rust worsens metallic components, likely causing leakage and system failures. Protecting against Corrosion is essential for keeping the efficiency and lifespan of climate control systems.
• Fins: Fins boost the surface area of coils, increasing heat transfer effectiveness. This is vital for peak performance in HVAC system setups.
• Copper Tubing: Copper piping is crucial for refrigerant transfer in air conditioning systems owing to its durability and efficient heat transfer. Its dependable connections guarantee proper system performance during establishment of thermostat units.
• Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is crucial for conveying refrigerant in climate control systems. Its light and corrosion-resistant properties render them ideal for connecting internal and external units in HVAC installations.
• Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

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We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

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Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

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